Ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu pa chuma ndi chilengedwe m'dziko lathu, madipatimenti aboma apereka zolinga za "kukwaniritsa chitukuko chokhazikika, kumanga gulu losunga chuma komanso losamalira chilengedwe" komanso "kuonetsetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuchepetsedwa ndi 20% komanso kuchepetsa mpweya wonse woipa womwe umatuluka m'zinthu zoipitsa chilengedwe monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Dongosolo la Zaka Zisanu ndi Chimodzi". Ku China,kuponyaimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mumakampani opanga makina, ndipo kupanga makina oponyera zinthu kumakhala koyamba padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi motsatizana. Pali makampani oponyera zinthu opitilira 27000, pakati pawo, kupatula makampani akuluakulu ochepa omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba wopangira zinthu, zida zopangira zabwino kwambiri, komanso njira zodzitetezera zachilengedwe, makampani ambiri opanga zinthu akadali ndi ukadaulo wakale wopanga zinthu, zida zopangira zinthu zakale, komanso nkhani zoteteza chilengedwe zomwe sizinayikidwe pa nthawi yogwira ntchito.
Makampani opanga zitsulo m'dziko lathu akukumana ndi mavuto aakulu pa kuteteza chilengedwe. Malinga ndi malipoti, 80% mpaka 95% ya ChinakuponyaMafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri kupanga zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito manja, ndipo osachepera 5% ya ng'anjo zonse zophulika ali ndi malo abwino otetezera chilengedwe. Makampani opitilira 80% opanga zinthu ali ndi malo ovuta pamalopo, mikhalidwe yoyipa yogwirira ntchito, ukadaulo wopanga zinthu zakale, komanso njira zambiri zopangira zinthu. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka makampani opanga zinthu, makampani ali ndi malo osungira zinthu kapena malo ogwirira ntchito omwe ali pansi pa fakitale yopanga zinthu, komanso mafakitale opangira zinthu mwaluso komanso mafakitale ambiri opangira zinthu m'matauni. Ponena za kukula ndi kukula kwa zinthu, pali mafakitale akuluakulu okhala ndi makina ambiri, ukadaulo wapamwamba, komanso kutulutsa zinthu pachaka kwa matani masauzande ambiri azoponyera, komanso mafakitale ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zida zosavuta, kugwiritsa ntchito pamanja, ukadaulo wakale, komanso kutulutsa matani oposa zana a zoponyera pachaka. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha mphamvu, zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi mitengo ya antchito, kupanga zoponyera m'maiko otukuka akumadzulo kwachepa, ndipo pang'onopang'ono atembenukira kumayiko osatukuka kuti agule zoponyera wamba, komanso kutumiza kunja zoponyera zapamwamba zokhala ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso phindu lalikulu kumayiko osatukuka. Pakadali pano, kufulumira kwa kufalikira kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi kumapereka mwayi komanso zovuta pakukula kwa makampani opanga zoponyera ku China. Kufunika kwa zoponyera ku China m'misika yapadziko lonse komanso yapakhomo kukuwonetsa kukula kosalekeza.
Zipangizo zoponyera,akuponya mchenga processing akamaumba
Kutengera ndi momwe ukadaulo wamakono wopangira zinthu ukuyendera komanso mavuto akuluakulu ku China, nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zothandiza zopezera "kupangira zinthu zobiriwira komanso zosawononga chilengedwe" kuchokera kuzinthu zotsatirazi:
1. Kukhazikitsa miyezo yopangira zinthu zobiriwira m'makampani opanga zinthu zobiriwira kumaphatikizapo ukadaulo wofunikira monga chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi njira, ukadaulo wogwiritsira ntchito zinthu, njira zopangira ndi ukadaulo wa zida, ukadaulo woyesera, ukadaulo wodziyimira pawokha, ndi zina zotero. Izi ndi zinthu zogwirizana, zodalirana, komanso zofunika kwambiri pa kupulumuka ndi chitukuko cha makampani opanga zinthu zobiriwira. Pangani njira zopangira zinthu zobiriwira kuti zitsimikizire kuti "mtundu wobiriwira" wa zinthu zopangira zinthu ndi njira zopangira zinthuzo ndi wopangidwa bwino, ndikukonza chilengedwe cha zinthu zopangidwira zinthuzo m'moyo wawo wonse kuchokera ku gwero. Poganizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu, zinthu, ndi kutulutsa zinthu zodetsa ndi zinyalala zigwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji. Poganizira zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu mwachindunji, zinthu, ndi kutulutsa zinthu zodetsa ndi zinyalala, ukadaulo wopangira zinthu zobiriwira ndi ukadaulo wa zida zoyendetsera ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zisinthe zinthu zosaphika ndi zothandizira (zolowetsa) kukhala zoponyera (zotuluka zothandiza), motero kukwaniritsa kupanga "zopangira zinthu zobiriwira komanso zachilengedwe" Sinthani zipangizo zachikhalidwe ndi ukadaulo wawo wogwiritsira ntchito ndi zinthu zoyera komanso zachilengedwe komanso ukadaulo wawo wogwiritsira ntchito; ④ Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba, wofulumira komanso wolondola wozindikira ndi kuwongolera, kukonza njira yopangira zinthu zoponyera, kuchotsa kapena kuchepetsa zinyalala zoponyera, kukonza zokolola zoponyera, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kuipitsa komwe kumachitika chifukwa chozindikira nthawi yake kapena molakwika, ndikukwaniritsa "kupangira zinthu zobiriwira komanso zachilengedwe"; ⑤ Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zoyeretsera mapaipi kuti achepetse kutulutsa zinthu zoipitsa chilengedwe. Kuwonjezera pa kupereka zofunikira zaukadaulo pazinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa, ndikofunikiranso kuphatikiza ndi momwe zinthu zilili m'dziko la China, kuti mabizinesi athe kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo labwino kwambiri lolamulira (lotsika mtengo, logwira ntchito bwino) kuti akwaniritse miyezo ya chilengedwe ya dziko.
2. Kuyambira mbali zosiyanasiyana monga ukadaulo wopangira zinthu, zipangizo zopangira zinthu, ndi zida zopangira zinthu
Mkhalidwe wamakono woteteza chilengedwe m'makampani opanga zitsulo ku China ukudetsa nkhawa. Kuyesetsa kupititsa patsogolo chitetezo cha chilengedwe m'makampani opanga zitsulo kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana monga ukadaulo wopangira zitsulo, zipangizo zopangira zitsulo, ndi zida zopangira zitsulo: ① Ukadaulo wopangira zitsulo ndi zipangizo zopangira zitsulo: Kupangira mchenga ndiyo njira yayikulu yopangira zitsulo, yomwe imapanga 80% mpaka 90% ya kupanga zitsulo zonse. Pakupanga zitsulo, kuipitsa fumbi, kuipitsa mpweya, ndi kuipitsa kolimba komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zipangizo zopangira zitsulo zopangira mchenga ndiye chinthu chachikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuti pakhale kupanga kobiriwira komanso koyera mu kupanga mchenga, zomangira zobiriwira ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito momwe zingathere, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zomangira zomwe zawonjezeredwa kuyenera kuchepetsedwa momwe zingathere (makamaka popanda zomangira). Izi ndizothandiza kwambiri pothetsa vuto lobwezeretsanso mchenga wakale ndipo zidzachepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe. Pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira mchenga zomwe zikukhudzidwa pano, kuyika thovu lotayika ndi kuyika V-method pogwiritsa ntchito kupanga mchenga wouma wopanda adhesive, komanso kuyika mchenga wagalasi lamadzi ndi zomatira, ndizo zomwe zingapangitse njira zopangira "zobiriwira komanso zosamalira chilengedwe". Kuponyera thovu kopanda zomatira kumadziwika kuti "ukadaulo watsopano woponyera wa m'zaka za m'ma 2000" ndi "ukadaulo wobiriwira woponyera" Zipangizo zoponyera: Pakadali pano, zida zambiri zachitsulo zoponyedwa ku China zimasungunuka ndikupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zophulika, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyera komanso zokhalitsa, ng'anjo zophulika zopitilira mpweya wotentha, komanso ukadaulo wonyamula, kuthira, ndi kukonza nkhungu pogwiritsa ntchito madzi achitsulo kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wachitsulo ndi kupanga slag; Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zovomerezeka za International Council for Casting Environment Control pokonza zinthu za ng'anjo kungathandize kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa fumbi panthawi yosungunulira; Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wothira slag woziziritsidwa ndi madzi kungapangitse slag kukhala chinthu chomangira chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri; Gwiritsani ntchito bwino mpweya wotuluka mu ng'anjo yophulika. Kuphatikiza apo, popanga kuponyera, zida zopangira fumbi ndi phokoso, monga mayendedwe, kuwunikira, kuyeretsa, ndi zida zogwetsa mchenga, zitha kusinthidwa kuchokera ku kapangidwe kazinthu kuti zichepetse kapena kuchotsa fumbi.
3. Kupanga ukadaulo watsopano wogwiritsira ntchito mpweya wotayira zinyalala kuti ateteze chilengedwe ndikusunga bwino chuma kwakhala cholinga chofunikira kwambiri chomwe ogwira ntchito m'makampani opanga zinyalala m'maiko osiyanasiyana amatsatira. Chifukwa chake, makampani opanga zinyalala ku China akamanga kapena kuchita kusintha kwaukadaulo, ayeneranso kugwirizanitsa kugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala mokwanira. Izi zitha kuchitika kuchokera kuzinthu zotsatirazi: ① Popanga mapulani osinthira, choyamba ganizirani zowonjezera ndalama zotetezera chilengedwe, ndipo tikulimbikitsa kuti ndalama zoteteza chilengedwe zikhale zoposa 15% ya ndalama zonse zomwe zayikidwa; ② Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapamwamba zoponyera zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makina, zodziyimira pawokha, komanso zotsekedwa kuti zikwaniritse zolinga zoteteza chilengedwe; ③ Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyera zopangira kuti ziwongolere malo ogwirira ntchito; ④ Kupanga ukadaulo watsopano wogwiritsira ntchito zinyalala za zinyalala pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotayira zinyalala za makampani opanga zinyalala akunja; ⑤ Kutsatira mfundo zochepetsera, kugwiritsanso ntchito, komanso kubwezeretsanso chuma chozungulira.
Kuponya zinthu zobiriwira komanso zosawononga chilengedwe “ndi chizindikiro cha njira yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko cha anthu m'makampani opanga zinthu. Kuyambira pa mphamvu zopangira, mulingo waukadaulo, mulingo wazinthu zabwino, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi zinthu zopangira, luso laukadaulo woponya zinthu, mulingo woyendetsera bwino, ndi kutulutsa mchenga wotayira, mpweya wotayira, fumbi, zinyalala, phokoso, ndi zina zotero zamakampani opanga zinthu ku China, pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zapezedwa ndi kafukufuku wakunja ndi machitidwe, komanso kutengera makhalidwe oyambira, mavuto omwe alipo, ndi zofunikira zoyambira pakupanga chitetezo cha chilengedwe chamakampani opanga zinthu ku China komanso mulingo waukadaulo woponya zinthu, miyezo yoyambira yoteteza chilengedwe ya maulalo osiyanasiyana opanga zinthu munjira yopanga zinthu imakhazikitsidwa ngati zolinga za zomangamanga zatsopano, kukonzanso, kukulitsa, ndi kusintha kwaukadaulo kwa makampani opanga zinthu ku China. Khalidwe la makampani opanga zinthu zotayira zinthu limakhazikika, ndipo chitetezo cha chilengedwe chimalimbikitsidwa mwamphamvu kuti chikwaniritse “kuponya zinthu zobiriwira komanso zosawononga chilengedwe,” Kukweza mulingo waukadaulo wamakampani opanga zinthu zoyambira ku China kuti akwaniritse zosowa zakukula mwachangu kwachuma cha dziko.
Nthawi yotumizira: Feb-10-2025